Influential References - International Hip Dysplasia Institute

Free Full Text Reviews

Developmental dysplasia of the hip in the newborn: A systematic review.
Gulati V, Eseonu K, Sayani J, Ismail N, Uzoigwe C, Choudhury MZ, Gulati P, Aqil A, Tibrewal S. World J Orthop. 2013 Apr 18;4(2):32-41.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3631949/pdf/WJO-4-32.pdf

Developmental dysplasia of the hip: update of management.
Vaquero-Picado A, González-Morán G, Garay EG, Moraleda L. EFORT Open Rev. 2019
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6771078/pdf/eor-4-548.pdf

Expert-Based Consensus on the Principles of Pavlik Harness Management of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip.
Kelley SP, Feeney MM, Maddock CL, Murnaghan ML, Bradley CS. JBJS Open Access. 2019 Oct 7;4(4):e0054.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6959914/pdf/jbjsoa-4-e0054.pdf

Understanding Painful Hip in Young Adults: A Review Article.
Luthra JS, Al-Habsi S, Al-Ghanami S, Ghosh S, Al-Muzahemi K. Hip Pelvis. 2019 Sep;31(3):129-135.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6726866/pdf/hp-31-129.pdf

The John Charnley Award: Redefining the Natural History of Osteoarthritis in Patients with Hip Dysplasia and Impingement.
Wyles CC, Heidenreich MJ, Jeng J, Larson DR, Trousdale RT, Sierra RJ. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017 Feb;475(2):336-350
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5213917/pdf/11999_2016_Article_4815.pdf

Periacetabular osteotomy: a systematic literature review.
Clohisy JC, Schutz AL, St John L, Schoenecker PL, Wright RW. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009 Aug;467(8):2041-52.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2706361/pdf/11999_2009_Article_842.pdf

Bernese periacetabular osteotomy for hip dysplasia: Surgical technique and indications.
Kamath AF.World J Orthop. 2016 May 18;7(5):280-6.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4865717/pdf/WJO-7-280.pdf

Current Concepts in Hip Preservation Surgery: Part I.
Adler KL, Cook PC, Yen YM, Giordano BD. Sports Health. 2015 Nov-Dec;7(6):518-26
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4622374/pdf/10.1177_1941738115587270.pdf

Current Concepts in Hip Preservation Surgery: Part II–Rehabilitation.
Adler KL, Cook PC, Geisler PR, Yen YM, Giordano BD. Sports Health. 2016 Jan-Feb;8(1):57-64
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702152/pdf/10.1177_1941738115577621.pdf

Hip arthroscopy in the setting of hip dysplasia: A systematic review.
Yeung M, Kowalczuk M, Simunovic N, Ayeni OR.Bone Joint Res. 2016 Jun;5(6):225-31
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4921047/pdf/bonejointres-05-225.pdf

Hip dysplasia in the young adult caused by residual childhood and adolescent-onset dysplasia.
Pun S.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2016 Dec;9(4):427-434
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5127949/pdf/12178_2016_Article_9369.pdf

Total hip arthroplasty in developmental dysplasia of the hip: Review of anatomy, techniques and outcomes.
Yang S, Cui Q.World J Orthop. 2012 May 18;3(5):42-8
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3364316/pdf/WJO-3-42.pdf

Has total hip arthroplasty in patients 30 years or younger improved? A systematic review.
Adelani MA, Keeney JA, Palisch A, Fowler SA, Clohisy JC.Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013 Aug;471(8):2595-601
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705054/pdf/11999_2013_Article_2975.pdf

100 Most Cited Scientific Articles About Hip Dysplasia

The top 100 most cited studies is an elite group. This list was published in the Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics – B 2020 May;29(3):235-247, by Leon Moscona, Pablo Castañeda, Karim Masrouha

Each is assigned to a single category but many overlap several categories
The Complete List is after the different categories

The number of times a scientific study has been used as a reference depends on many factors. There are many more than 100 that have influenced the understanding of hip dysplasia. Since 1815 there have been more than 20,500 reports published in scientific journals on the topic of hip dysplasia.

Review Papers

62 Clohisy JC, Schutz AL, St John L, Schoenecker PL, Wright RW. Periacetabular osteotomy: a systematic literature review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467(8):2041-52. 65 Homer CJ, Baltz RD, Hickson GB, Miles PV, Newman TB, Shook JE, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Early detection of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Pediatrics. 2000;105(4):896-905.

69 Dezateux C, Rosendahl K. Developmental dysplasia of the hip. Lancet. 2007;369(9572):1541-52.

80 Aronsson DD, Goldberg MJ, Kling TF, Roy DR. Developmental dysplasia of the hip. Pediatrics. 1994;94(2):201-8.

89 van Sleuwen BE, Engelberts AC, Boere-Boonekamp MM, Kuis W, Schulpen TWJ, L’Hoir MP. Swaddling: A systematic review. Pediatrics. 2007;120(4):e1097-E106.

Basic Science

27 Sugano N, Noble PC, Kamaric E, Salama JK, Ochi T, Tullos HS. The morphology of the femur in developmental dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998;80B(4):711-9.

28 Hadley NA, Brown TD, Weinstein SL. The effects of contact pressure elevations and aseptic necrosis on the long-term outcome of congenital hip dislocation. J Orthop Res. 1990;8(4):504-13.

48 Li PLS, Ganz R. Morphologic features of congenital acetabular dysplasia – One in six is retroverted. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003(416):245-53.

49 Patel H, Canadian Task Force P. Preventive health care, 2001 update: screening and management of developmental dysplasia of the hip in newborns. Can Med Assoc J. 2001;164(12):1669-77.

55 Ponseti IV. Morphology of acetabulum in congenital dislocation of hip – gross, histological, and roentgenographic studies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978;60(5):586-99.

92 Maxian TA, Brown TD, Weinstein SL. Chronic stress tolerance levels for human articularcartilage- 2 nonuniform contact models applied to long-term follow-up of CDH. J Biomech. 1995;28(2):159-66.

Diagnosis

3 Tonnis D. Normal values of the hip joint for the evaluation of X-rays in children and adults. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1976(119):39-47.

8 Wynne-Davies R. Acetabular dysplasia and familial joint laxity: two etiological factors in congenital dislocation of the hip. A review of 589 patients and their families. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1970;52(4):704-16.

9 Graf R. New possibilities for the diagnosis of congenital hip-joint dislocation by ultrasonography. J Pediatr Orthop. 1983;3(3):354-9.

15 Kim YJ, Jaramillo D, Millis MB, Gray ML, Burstein D. Assessment of early osteoarthritis in hip dysplasia with delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85A(10):1987-92.

23 Leunig M, Podeszwa D, Beck M, Werlen S, Ganz R. Magnetic resonance arthrography of labral disorders in hips with dysplasia and impingement. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004(418):74-80.

24 Graf R. Classification of hip-joint dysplasia by means of sonography. Arch Orthop Traum Surg. 1984;102(4):248-55.

26 Rosendahl K, Markestad T, Lie RT. Ultrasound screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip in the neonate – the effect on treatment rate and prevalence of late cases. Pediatrics. 1994;94(1):47-52.

30 Ramsey PL, Lasser S, Macewen GD. Congenital dislocation of hip – use of Pavlik harness in child during 1st 6 months of life. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(7):1000-4.

32 Cunningham T, Jessel R, Zurakowski D, Millis MB, Kim YJ. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage to predict early failure of Bernese periacetabular osteotomy for hip dysplasia. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88A(7):1540-8.

36 Clarke NMP, Harcke HT, McHugh P, Lee MS, Borns PF, Macewen GD. Real-time ultrasound in the diagnosis of congenital dislocation and dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985;67(3):406-12.

38 Harcke HT, Clarke NMP, Lee MS, Borns PF, Macewen GD. Examination of the infant hip with real-time ultrasonography. J Ultras Med. 1984;3(3):131-7.

39 Graf R. The diagnosis of congenital hip-joint dislocation by the ultrasonic compound treatment Arch Orthop Traum Surg. 1980;97(2):117-33.

45 Tonnis D, Storch K, Ulbrich H. Results of newborn screening for CDH with and without sonography and correlation of risk factors. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10(2):145-52.

47 Murphy SB, Kijewski PK, Millis MB, Harless A. Acetabular dysplasia in the adolescent and young adult. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;(261):214-23.

49 Patel H, Canadian Task Force P. Preventive health care, 2001 update: screening and management of developmental dysplasia of the hip in newborns. Can Med Assoc J. 2001;164(12):1669-77.

50 McCarthy JC, Lee JA. Acetabular dysplasia: A paradigm of arthroscopic examination of chondral injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002(405):122-8.

53 Holen KJ, Tegnander A, Bredland T, Johansen OJ, Saether OD, Eik-Nes SH, et al. Universal or selective screening of the neonatal hip using ultrasound? – A prospective, randomised trial of 15 529 newborn infants. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002;84B(6):886-90.

54 Marks DS, Clegg J, Alchalabi AN. Routine ultrasound screening for neonatal hip instability – can it abolish late-presenting congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1994;76B(4):534-8.

57 Delaunay S, Dussault RG, Kaplan PA, Alford BA. Radiographic measurements of dysplastic adult hips. Skeletal Radiol. 1997;26(2):75-81.

60 Graf R. Fundamentals of sonographic diagnosis of infant hip-dysplasia. J Pediatr Orthoped. 1984;4(6):735-40.

64 Clarke NMP, Clegg J, Alchalabi AN. Ultrasound screening of hips at risk for CDH – failure to reduce the incidence of late cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71(1):9-12.

67 Tönnis D, Brunken D. Differentiation of normal and pathological acetabular roof angle in the diagnosis of hip dysplasia. Evaluation of 2294 acetabular roof angles of hip joints in children]. Arch Orthop Unfallchir. 1968;64(3):197-228. German

75 Morin C, Harcke HT, Macewen GD. The infant hip – real-time us assessment of acetabular development. Radiology. 1985;157(3):673-7.

77 Shipman SA, Helfand M, Moyer VA, Yawn BP. Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip: A systematic literature review for the US preventive services task force. Pediatrics. 2006;117(3):E557-E76.

78 Jacobsen S, Sonne-Holm S, Soballe K, Gebuhr P, Lund B. Hip dysplasia and osteoarthrosis – A survey of 4 151 subjects from the Osteoarthrosis Substudy of the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Acta Orthop 2005;76(2):149-58.

81 Noble PC, Kamaric E, Sugano N, Matsubara M, Harada Y, Ohzono K, et al. The threedimensional shape of the dysplastic femur. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003(417):27-40.

83 Broughton NS, Brougham DI, Cole WG, Menelaus MB. Reliability of radiological measurements in the assessment of the childs hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71(1):6-8.

85 Terjesen T, Bredland T, Berg V. Ultrasound for hip assessment in the newborn. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71(5):767-73.

88 Jessel RH, Zurakowski D, Zilkens C, Burstein D, Gray ML, Kim Y-J. Radiographic and patient factors associated with pre-radiographic osteoarthritis in hip dysplasia. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91A(5):1120-9.

90 Klaue K, Wallin A, Ganz R. Ct evaluation of coverage and congruency of the hip prior to osteotomy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988(232):15-25.

91 Mast JW, Brunner RL, Zebrack J. Recognizing acetabular version in the radiographic presentation of hip dysplasia. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004(418):48-53.

95 Ortolani M. CLASSIC – congenital hip dysplasia in light of early and very early diagnosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1976(119):6-10.

97 Boeree NR, Clarke NMP. Ultrasound imaging and secondary screening for congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1994;76B(4):525-33.

100 Harcke HT, Clarke NMP, Lee MS, Borns PF, Macewen GD. Examination of the infant hip with real-time ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med. 1984;3(3):131-7.

Treatments

1 Crowe JF, Mani VJ, Ranawat CS. Total hip replacement in congenital dislocation and dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61(1):15-23.

7 Salter RB, Kostuik J, Dallas S. Avascular necrosis of femoral head as a complication of treatment for congenital dislocation of hip in young children – a clinical and experimental investigation. Can J Surg. 1969;12(1):44-61.

10 Steppacher SD, Tannast M, Ganz R, Siebenrock KA. Mean 20-year followup of bernese periacetabular osteotomy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(7):1633-44.

11 Trousdale RT, Ekkernkamp A, Ganz R, et al. Periacetabular and intertrochanteric osteotomy for the treatment of osteoarthrosis in dysplastic hips. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77A(1):73-85.

12 Steel HH. Triple osteotomy of innominate bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1973;A 55(2):343- 50.

13 Cooperman DR, Wallensten R, Stulberg SD. Acetabular dysplasia in the adult. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983(175):79-85.

14 Charnley J, Feagin JA. Low-friction arthroplasty in congenital subluxation of hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1973(91):98-113.

16 Pemberton PA. Pericapsular osteotomy of ilium for treatment of congenital subluxation and dislocation of hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1965;A 47(1):65-86.

17 Pagnano MW, Hanssen AD, Lewallen DG, Shaughnessy WJ. The effect of superior placement of the acetabular component on the rate of loosening after total hip arthroplasty – Long-term results in patients who have Crowe type-II congenital dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78A(7):1004-14.

18 Ninomiya S, Tagawa H. Rotational acetabular osteotomy for the dysplastic hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1984;66A(3):430-6.

19 Dunn HK, Hess WE. Total hip reconstruction in chronically dislocated hips. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(6):838-45.

20 Hartofilakidis G, Stamos K, Karachalios T, Ioannidis TT, Zacharakis N. Congenital hip disease in adults – Classification of acetabular deficiencies and operative treatment with acetabuloplasty combined with total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78A(5):683-92.

21 Siebenrock KA, Schöll E, Lottenbach M, Ganz R. Bernese periacetabular osteotomy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999;(363):9-20.

22 Salter RB. Role innominate osteotomy in treatment of congenital dislocation and subluxation of hip in older child. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1966;A 48(7):1413-39.

25 Sochart DH, Porter ML. The long-term results of Charnley low-friction arthroplasty in young patients who have congenital dislocation, degenerative osteoarthrosis, or rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79A(11):1599-617.

29 Massie WK, Howorth MB. Congenital dislocation of the hip 0.1. Method of grading results. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1950;32-A(3):519-31.

31 Wiberg G. Shelf operation in congenital dysplasia of the acetabulum and in subluxation and dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1953;35-A(1):65-80.

33 Gage JR, Winter RB. Avascular necrosis of capital femoral epiphysis as a complication of closed reduction of congenital dislocation of hip – critical review of 20-years experience at Gillette Childrens Hospital. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972;A 54(2):373-88.

40 Hartofilakidis G, Karachalios T. Total hip arthroplasty for congenital hip disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86A(2):242-50.

43 Salter RB, Dubos JP. First fifteen years personal-experience with innominate osteotomy in treatment of congenital dislocation and subluxation of hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974(98):72-103.

46 Harris NH, Lloyd-Roberts GC, Gallien R. Acetabular development in congenital dislocation of hip – special reference to indications for acetabuloplasty and pelvic or femoral realignment osteotomy. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1975;B 57(1):46-52.

51 Parvizi J, Bican O, Bender B, Mortazavi SMJ, Purtill JJ, Erickson J, et al. Arthroscopy for labral tears in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip: A cautionary note. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24(6):110-3.

52 Peters CL, Erickson JA, Hines JL. Early results of the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy: The learning curve at an academic medical center. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88A(9):1920-6.

56 Hartofilakidis G, Stamos K, Ioannidis TT. Low friction arthroplasty for old untreated congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988;70(2):182-6.

58 Grill F, Bensahel H, Canadell J, Dungl P, Matasovic T, Vizkelety T. The Pavlik harness in the treatment of congenital dislocating hip – report on a multicenter study of the European- Paediatric-Orthopaedic-Society. J Pediatr Orthop. 1988;8(1):1-8.

59 Clohisy JC, Barrett SE, Gordon JE, Delgado ED, Schoenecker PL. Periacetabular osteotomy for the treatment of severe acetabular dysplasia. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87A(2):254-9.

63 Sutherland DH, Greenfield R. Double innominate osteotomy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59(8):1082-91

68 Zionts LE, Macewen GD. Treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip in children between the ages of one and 3 years. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68A(6):829-46.

70 Eskelinen A, Helenius I, Remes V, Ylinen P, Tallroth K, Paavilainen T. Cementless total hip arthroplasty in patients with high congenital hip dislocation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88A(1):80-91.

71 Chiari K. Medial displacement osteotomy of pelvis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974(98):55-71.

72 Garvin KL, Bowen MK, Salvati EA, Ranawat CS. Long-term results of total hip-arthroplasty in congenital dislocation and dysplasia of the hip – a follow-up note. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73A(9):1348-54

73 Paavilainen T, Hoikka V, Solonen KA. Cementless total replacement for severely dysplastic or dislocated hips. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990;72(2):205-11.

76 Barrett WP, Staheli LT, Chew DE. The effectiveness of the Salter innominate osteotomy in the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68A(1):79-87.

79 Tonnis D, Behrens K, Tscharani F. A modified technique of the triple pelvic osteotomy – early results. J Pediatr Orthoped 1981;1(3):241-9.

82 Berkeley ME, Dickson JH, Cain TE, Donovan MM. Surgical therapy for congenital dislocation of the hip in patients who are 12-months-old to 36-months-old. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66A(3):412-20.

84 Trumble SJ, Mayo KA, Mast JW. The periacetabular osteotomy – Minimum 2 year followup in more than 100 hips. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999(363):54-63.

86 Matta JM, Stover MD, Siebenrock K. Periacetabular osteotomy through the Smith-Petersen approach. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999(363):21-32.

87 Mubarak S, Garfin S, Vance R, McKinnon B, Sutherland D. Pitfalls in the use of the Pavlik harness for treatment of congenital dysplasia, subluxation, and dislocation of the hip J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981 Oct;63(8):1239-48.

93 Cashman JP, Round J, Taylor G, Clarke NMP. The natural history of developmental dysplasia of the hip after early supervised treatment in the Pavlik harness – A prospective, longitudinal follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002;84B(3):418-25.

96 Dorr LD, Tawakkol S, Moorthy M, Long W, Wan ZN. Medial protrusio technique for placement of a porous-coated, hemispherical acetabular component without cement in a total hip arthroplasty in patients who have acetabular dysplasia. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81A(1):83-92.

98 Severin E. Congenital dislocation of the hip – development of the joint after closed reduction. J Bone Joint Surg Am 0.1950;32-A(3):507-18.

99 Crockarell J Jr, Trousdale RT, Cabanela ME, Berry DJ. Early experience and results with the periacetabular osteotomy. The Mayo Clinic experience. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999 Jun;(363):45-53.

Prognostic

Likely results based on treatments or specific factors

2 Reynolds D, Lucas J, Klaue K. Retroversion of the acetabulum – A cause of hip pain. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999;81B(2):281-8.

4 Carter C, Wilkinson J. Persistent joint laxity and congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1964;46(1):40-5.

5 Kalamchi A, Macewen GD. Avascular necrosis following treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62(6):876-88.

6 Murphy SB, Ganz R, Müller ME. The prognosis in untreated dysplasia of the hip. A study of radiographic factors that predict the outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77(7):985-9

34 Byrd JWT, Jones KS. Hip arthroscopy in the presence of dysplasia. Arthroscopy. 2003;19(10):1055-60.

35 Malvitz TA, Weinstein SL. Closed reduction for congenital dysplasia of the hip – functional and radiographic results after an average of 30 years. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76A(12):1777-92.

37 Weinstein SL. Natural-history of congenital hip dislocation (CDH) and hip-dysplasia. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987(225):62-76.

41 Lindstrom JR, Ponseti IV, Wenger DR. Acetabular development after reduction in congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61(1):112-8.

42 Jacobsen S, Sonne-Holm S. Hip dysplasia: a significant risk factor for the development of hip osteoarthritis. A cross-sectional survey. Rheumatology. 2005;44(2):211-8.

44 Wedge JH, Wasylenko MJ. Natural-history of congenital disease of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1979;61(3):334-8.

61 Bialik V, Bialik GM, Blazer S, Sujov P, Wiener F, Berant M. Developmental dysplasia of the hip: A new approach to incidence. Pediatrics. 1999;103(1):93-9.

66 Reijman M, Hazes JMW, Pols HAP, Koes BW, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA. Acetabular dysplasia predicts incident osteoarthritis of the hip. The Rotterdam Study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(3):787-93.

74 Albinana J, Dolan LA, Spratt KF, Morcuende J, Meyer MD, Weinstein SL. Acetabular dysplasia after treatment for developmental dysplasia of the hip – Implications for secondary procedures. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86B(6):876-86.

94 Chan A, McCaul KA, Cundy PJ, Haan EA, Byron-Scott R. Perinatal risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Arch Dis in Child. 1997;76(2):F94-F100.

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